OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers. OECD Publishing, 2024.

The OECD engages in comprehensive research and analysis to deepen insights into the transformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) and its implications for economies and societies. The OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers series draws on comprehensive evidence-base to identify trends and developments and delve into an extensive array of AI-related subjects. This includes opportunities and challenges in AI governance, the impact of AI across policy domains including labour markets, education and healthcare, ethical considerations in AI design and deployment, and new frontiers such as generative AI. This collection encompasses OECD policy papers as well as working papers.

Salvi del Pero, A. and Verhagen, in Perspectives de l’emploi de l’OCDE 2023: Intelligence artificielle et marché du travail, OECD Publishing, 2023.

Le présent chapitre offre un tour d’horizon des mesures adoptées par les pays concernant le développement et l’utilisation d’une intelligence artificielle (IA) digne de confiance en entreprise. Il examine les politiques publiques qui visent à protéger les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs, à assurer la transparence et l’explicabilité des systèmes d’IA et à définir les responsabilités tout au long de la chaîne de valeur de l’IA. Il examine en quoi des lois ne portant pas spécifiquement sur l’IA, comme celles relatives à la lutte contre les discriminations et à la protection des données, peuvent servir de fondement à la gouvernance de l’IA dans le cadre professionnel. Si, dans certains pays, les tribunaux ont efficacement appliqué ces lois à des affaires liées à l’utilisation de l’IA en entreprise, l’adoption de mesures spécifiques à cet égard pourrait s’imposer. Aujourd’hui, la plupart des pays font appel à des instruments non contraignants pour les questions concernant l’IA, mais certains élaborent des projets de loi spécifiques applicables à son utilisation en milieu professionnel.

Tohid Atashbar and Rui Aruhan Shi. IMF Working Papers 259, 2022.

The application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in economics has been an area of active research in recent years. A number of recent works have shown how deep reinforcement learning can be used to study a variety of economic problems, including optimal policy-making, game theory, and bounded rationality.

OECD, 2022.

The development and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to expand opportunities for the achievement of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including gender equality.

Salvi del Pero, A. and Verhagen, in OECD Employment Outlook 2023: Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market, OECD Publishing, 2023.

This chapter provides an overview of countries’ policy action affecting the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace. It looks at public policies to protect workers’ fundamental rights, ensure transparency and explainability of AI systems, and clarify accountability across the AI value chain. It explores how existing non-AI-specific laws – such as those pertaining anti-discrimination and data protection – can serve as a foundation for the governance of AI used in workplace settings. While in some countries, courts have successfully applied these laws to AI-related cases in the workplace, there may be a need for AI- and workplace‑specific policies. To date, most countries primarily rely on soft law for AI-specific matters, but a number of countries are developing new AI-specific legislative proposals applicable to AI in the workplace.

United Nations, AI Advisory Body, 2024.

​This report outlines a blueprint for addressing AI-related risks and sharing its transformative potential globally, including by:​ - ​Urging the UN to lay the foundations of the first globally inclusive and distributed architecture for AI governance based on international cooperation;​ - Proposing seven recommendations to address gaps in current AI governance arrangements;​ - Calling on all governments and stakeholders to work together in governing AI to foster development and protection of all human rights.​ ​This includes light institutional mechanisms to complement existing efforts and foster inclusive global AI governance arrangements that are agile, adaptive and effective to keep pace with AI’s evolution.​

OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, OECD Publishing, 2024.

OECD countries are increasingly investing in better understanding the potential value of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve public governance. The use of AI by the public sector can increase productivity, responsiveness of public services, and strengthen the accountability of governments. However, governments must also mitigate potential risks, building an enabling environment for trustworthy AI. This policy paper outlines the key trends and policy challenges in the development, use, and deployment of AI in and by the public sector. First, it discusses the potential benefits and specific risks associated with AI use in the public sector. Second, it looks at how AI in the public sector can be used to improve productivity, responsiveness, and accountability. Third, it provides an overview of the key policy issues and presents examples of how countries are addressing them across the OECD.

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 288, 2023.

New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers.

Clara Krämer and Sandrine Cazes. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 279, 2022.

Rapid advances in the development and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide new opportunities but also raise fears about disruptive labour market and workplace transitions. This working paper examines how social dialogue can shape the AI transition in beneficial ways for both workers and firms.

OECD Publishing, 2024.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers tremendous benefits but also poses risks. Some of these risks have materialised into what are known as “AI incidents”. Due to the widespread use of AI in various sectors, a surge in such incidents can be expected. To effectively monitor and prevent these risks, stakeholders need a precise yet adaptable definition of AI incidents. This report presents research and findings on terminology and practices related to incident definitions, encompassing both AI-specific and cross-disciplinary contexts. It establishes a knowledge base for identifying commonalities and encouraging the development of AI-specific adaptations in the future.

Angelica Salvi del Peroi, Peter Wyckoffi and Ann Vourc'h. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 273, 2022.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are changing workplaces. AI systems have the potential to improve workplaces, but ensuring trustworthy use of AI in the workplace means addressing the ethical risks it can raise.