Janos Ferencz, Javier López González and Irene Oliván García. OECD Trade Policy Papers 260, 2022.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has strong potential to spur innovation, help firms create new value from data, and reduce trade costs. Growing interest in the economic and societal impacts of AI has also prompted interest in the trade implications of this new technology.

Salvi del Pero, A. and Verhagen, in Perspectives de l’emploi de l’OCDE 2023: Intelligence artificielle et marché du travail, OECD Publishing, 2023.

Le présent chapitre offre un tour d’horizon des mesures adoptées par les pays concernant le développement et l’utilisation d’une intelligence artificielle (IA) digne de confiance en entreprise. Il examine les politiques publiques qui visent à protéger les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs, à assurer la transparence et l’explicabilité des systèmes d’IA et à définir les responsabilités tout au long de la chaîne de valeur de l’IA. Il examine en quoi des lois ne portant pas spécifiquement sur l’IA, comme celles relatives à la lutte contre les discriminations et à la protection des données, peuvent servir de fondement à la gouvernance de l’IA dans le cadre professionnel. Si, dans certains pays, les tribunaux ont efficacement appliqué ces lois à des affaires liées à l’utilisation de l’IA en entreprise, l’adoption de mesures spécifiques à cet égard pourrait s’imposer. Aujourd’hui, la plupart des pays font appel à des instruments non contraignants pour les questions concernant l’IA, mais certains élaborent des projets de loi spécifiques applicables à son utilisation en milieu professionnel.

In: The Role of Advanced Technologies in Cross-border Trade. World Trade Organization, 2022.

Around half of customs authorities use some combination of big data analytics, AI and machine learning, while the other half plans to do so in the future. The majority of respondents see clear benefits from the technology, where risk management and profiling, fraud detection, and greater compliance are the most prevalent.

Tohid Atashbar and Rui Aruhan Shi. IMF Working Papers 259, 2022.

The application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in economics has been an area of active research in recent years. A number of recent works have shown how deep reinforcement learning can be used to study a variety of economic problems, including optimal policy-making, game theory, and bounded rationality.

OECD, 2022.

The development and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to expand opportunities for the achievement of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including gender equality.

Salvi del Pero, A. and Verhagen, in OECD Employment Outlook 2023: Artificial Intelligence and the Labour Market, OECD Publishing, 2023.

This chapter provides an overview of countries’ policy action affecting the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace. It looks at public policies to protect workers’ fundamental rights, ensure transparency and explainability of AI systems, and clarify accountability across the AI value chain. It explores how existing non-AI-specific laws – such as those pertaining anti-discrimination and data protection – can serve as a foundation for the governance of AI used in workplace settings. While in some countries, courts have successfully applied these laws to AI-related cases in the workplace, there may be a need for AI- and workplace‑specific policies. To date, most countries primarily rely on soft law for AI-specific matters, but a number of countries are developing new AI-specific legislative proposals applicable to AI in the workplace.

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 288, 2023.

New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers.

OCDE, OECD Publishing, 2020.

Le présent rapport contribue à faire émerger une compréhension commune de l’IA, sous sa forme actuelle et dans son évolution à court terme, à travers des relevés du paysage technique, économique, pratique et réglementaire de l’IA et la mise en évidence de grandes considérations de politique publique. Il contribue également à un débat coordonné et cohérent entre les diverses enceintes nationales et internationales.

OECD Digital Economy Papers 341, 2022.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can use massive computational resources, raising sustainability concerns. This report aims to improve understanding of the environmental impacts of AI, and help measure and decrease AI’s negative effects while enabling it to accelerate action for the good of the planet.

In: The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space. OECD, 2022.

This chapter provides an overview of the status of press freedom and civic space in a digitalised world, including relevant legal frameworks. It discusses harassment and attacks targeting journalists and makes suggestions on building the necessary enabling environment for reliable, fact-based journalism. It considers the protection of online civic space for citizens and related challenges such as hate speech and mis- and disinformation. It concludes with an analysis of the importance of personal data protection for civic space and safeguarding civic freedoms in the context of increased use of artificial intelligence (AI).

OECD, 2021.

How might digital technology and notably smart technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI), learning analytics, robotics, and others transform education? This book explores such question

OECD, 2022.

As artificial intelligence (AI) integrates all sectors at a rapid pace, different AI systems bring different benefits and risks. In comparing virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and video recommendations for children, it is easy to see that the benefits and risks of each are very different.

Clara Krämer and Sandrine Cazes. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 279, 2022.

Rapid advances in the development and adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide new opportunities but also raise fears about disruptive labour market and workplace transitions. This working paper examines how social dialogue can shape the AI transition in beneficial ways for both workers and firms.

Anil Ari, Gabor Pula and Liyang Sun. IMF Working Papers 184, 2022.

The qualitative and granular nature of most structural indicators and the variety in data sources poses difficulties for consistent cross-country assessments and empirical analysis. We overcome these issues by using a machine learning approach (the partial least squares method) to combine a broad set of cross-country structural indicators into a small number of synthetic scores which correspond to key structural areas, and which are suitable for consistent quantitative comparisons across countries and time.

Angelica Salvi del Peroi, Peter Wyckoffi and Ann Vourc'h. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 273, 2022.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are changing workplaces. AI systems have the potential to improve workplaces, but ensuring trustworthy use of AI in the workplace means addressing the ethical risks it can raise.

World Trade Organization, 2022.

So-called disruptive technologies, such as blockchain, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning, have the potential to transform border management and the conduct of international trade. This publication explores how these advanced technologies can be used to improve the efficiency of Customs processes and to ease the flow of goods across borders.