International Organization for Standardization.

This document defines basic terms relating to blockchain and distributed ledger technologies to clarify the meaning of terms and concepts used in other document within the domain of ISO/TC 307 standards.

OECD, 2022.

Blockchain technology is expected to drive digital transformation in the way businesses, governments and societies interact in the years ahead, including at an international level. This paper considers current and emerging uses of blockchain to strengthen beneficial economic ties between countries, including in trade and supply chain transparency, portable credentials for people and organisations, and business financing and capital formation. It also explores key concerns about blockchain’s impact on global rules and multilateral policy objectives, particularly around climate impacts and uses for illicit finance. The paper underscores the value of deliberate international co-operation to realise the beneficial cross-border applications of the technology and address international challenges, and highlights existing instruments and approaches, and identifies gaps and priorities, towards a more consistent and coherent international policy environment for responsible blockchain innovation.

OECD, 2021.

lockchain technology is revolutionising the world of financial services by providing distributed networks for transacting digital currencies. This same digital infrastructure can be used to verify important claims and credentials, including educational and academic records. Within education, significant momentum exists worldwide to use blockchain technology for issuing, sharing, and verifying educational experiences and qualifications. This chapter provides an overview of blockchain technology and spotlights its use in education to create portable, interoperable, user-controlled digital credentials. These verifiable claims constitute a form of social currency that empowers students and workers with the ability to transfer their competencies and skills anywhere in the world they choose to live, study, and work.

Grech, Alex, Balaji, Venkataraman and Miao, Fengchun. UNESCO, 2022.

Blockchain is a shared, decentralized and secure ledger technology to record and store digital transactions of almost any digital assets including digital identities, medical and educational records, birth and marriage certificates, skill credentials and digital contracts.Promising initiatives with blockchain demonstrate that it is already possible to deploy the technology to cover credentialing and certification in both formal and non-formal learning settings. This publication demonstrates and assesses the emerging practices of applying blockchain technologies in education

World Bank Group, 2023.

The purpose of this report is to assess whether digitizing the equity or debt financing used for infrastructure projects using blockchain, that is, tokenized infrastructure, provides enough benefits to justify the use of this technology. The information presented here aims to inform the World Bank whether it should explore the possibility of tokenizing one of its infrastructure projects. The conclusions are based on interviews with tokenization start-ups, experts, and the review of current and planned regulatory frameworks in selected jurisdictions and use cases/pilots to date.

OECD, European Commission, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, (06), 2022.

This policy brief on access to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship was produced by the OECD and the European Commission. It presents evidence on the access to finance challenges faced by entrepreneurs from under-represented and disadvantaged groups and social entrepreneurs, and discusses how public policy could harness the potential of fintech to address these challenges. This covers crowdfunding, blockchain and the application of big data to finance for inclusive and social entrepreneurship. The policy brief also discusses the growing need for governments to strengthen financial literacy among the target groups of inclusive and social entrepreneurship policy, including with respect to fintech. Different policy approaches are discussed, including embedding financial literacy training in financial intermediation.

G’sell, F. and Martin-Bariteau, F., Council of Europe, 2022.

This report explores the risks and potential benefits of blockchain technology for democracy, human rights and the rule of law. It aims to showcase use cases and flag potential issues, as well as to provide initial recommendations to the Council of Europe for additional research and prospective programming regarding blockchain technologies.