European Commission: Joint Research Centre, Casey, J., Gras, M. and Virtanen, J., Assessment of balance indicators for key fleet segments and review of national reports on Member States efforts to achieve balance between fleet capacity and fishing opportunities in the Outermost regions of France, Portugal and Spain (STECF-24-17), Casey, J.(editor), Gras, M.(editor) and Virtanen, J.(editor), Publications Office of the European Union, 2025.

Commission Decision of 25 February 2016 setting up a Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries, C(2016) 1084, OJ C 74, 26.2.2016, p. 4–10. The Commission may consult the group on any matter relating to marine and fisheries biology, fishing gear technology, fisheries economics, fisheries governance, ecosystem effects of fisheries, aquaculture or similar disciplines. This report is the latest in a series of annual reports requested by the European Commission to analyse the balance between fleet capacity and fishing opportunities using a standard approach across all EU fleet segments, based on DCF information and in line with the Commission Guidelines (COM (2014) 545 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Guidelines for the analysis of the balance between fishing capacity and fishing opportunities according to Art 22 of Regulation (EU) No 1380/201 3 of the European Parliament and the Council on the Common Fisheries Policy).

European Commission: Joint Research Centre, Bongiardo, D., Chiaramello, D., Dara, A., Cortinovis, R. et al., Atlas of migration 2024, Bongiardo, D.(editor), Dara, A.(editor), Crespi, I.(editor) and Sofos, I.(editor), Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The Atlas of Migration is more than just a publication—it is a testament to the power of data and rigorous analysis in illuminating the multifaceted nature of migratory movements. The 2024 edition of the Atlas continues to serve as a vital tool for policymakers, researchers and the public at large, offering a wealth of data to cut through the confusion and misinformation that often surrounds the discourse on migration. The Atlas provides the latest harmonised and validated data on migration for the 27 EU Member States and for 171 countries and territories around the world. It brings together data from many reliable sources, such as Eurostat, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, the World Bank and many others. This year’s thematic chapter of the Atlas delves into the nuanced motivations behind migration, moving beyond simplified narratives in favour of a more comprehensive view that acknowledges the diverse and often overlapping reasons that propel individuals to move.

In order to address the diversity of country and territory codes and names used in the EU institutions, the European Commission has developed a corporate code list of countries and territories that covers the different use cases its services have.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and Morondo Taramundi, D., Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and Camas Roda, F., Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

There have been significant social and political changes in Spain over the past 45 years. Major transformations have taken place in the country’s social structure, creating a much more diverse society in ethnic and religious (and other) terms. Two of the major interrelated changes have been a demographic transformation and the conversion of Spain into a country of net immigration. Between 1975 and 2023, the population grew from 36 million to just over 48 million (as of 1 October 2023: 48 446 594 inhabitants).1 What is most interesting about this figure is that immigration has played an important role in population growth. Of the total population in 2023, 42 073 131 were of Spanish nationality and 6 373 463 were foreign nationals. Moreover, from the beginning of 2022 to October 2023, the foreign population increased by more than 800 000.

European Investment Bank, 2025.

This unique insight into the corporate investment in Spain examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2024 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such as climate change, high energy costs and the green transition. The survey, which has been administered since 2016, covers about 13 000 firms across the European Union, including a small sample of US firms.

European Commission: Joint Research Centre, Mariotti, I. and Sasso, S., Revitalizing rural areas through innovation and entrepreneurship – Public and private initiatives to train, attract and retain human capital, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The European Commission has increasingly highlighted the importance of fostering conditions that support the emergence and flourishing of innovation and entrepreneurship across all regions. The Long-Term Vision for EU’s Rural Areas recognises the key role that innovation can play in revitalising these territories and transforming them into places of opportunity, while the New European Innovation Agenda emphasises the need to accelerate and strengthen innovation across the EU and thereby address the existing territorial innovation divide. This report, which is part of the Startup Village Forum’s research activities, analyses successful initiatives, supported by public policies or private efforts, which focus on attracting, training or retaining human capital to bolster entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystems in European non-urban areas.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and Gonzalez Gago, E., Study supporting the impact assessment of the future European Social Fund proposal – Achieving structural change – Conditions for success in the areas of ESF intervention – Spain case study – Reinforcing social protection, especially for the unemployed, and improving support for families and promoting social inclusion, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025.

This report contains a case study for the Study supporting the Impact assessment of the future European Social Fund proposal. Achieving structural change: conditions for success in the areas of ESF intervention. The reform under assessment focuses on “Reinforcing social protection, especially for the unemployed, and on improving support for families and promoting social inclusion” in Spain.