European Parliament, Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Ünver, A., Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

This in-depth analysis (IDA) explores the most prominent actors, cases and techniques of algorithmic authoritarianism together with the legal, regulatory and diplomatic framework related to AI-based biases as well as deliberate misuses. With the world leaning heavily towards digital transformation, AI’s use in policy, economic and social decision-making has introduced alarming trends in repressive and authoritarian agendas. Such misuse grows ever more relevant to the European Parliament, resonating with its commitment to safeguarding human rights in the context of digital trans-formation. By shedding light on global patterns and rapidly developing technologies of algorithmic authoritarianism, this IDA aims to produce a wider understanding of the complex policy, regulatory and diplomatic challenges at the intersection of technology, democracy and human rights.

European Commission: Joint Research Centre, Bongiardo, D., Chiaramello, D., Dara, A., Cortinovis, R. et al., Atlas of migration 2024, Bongiardo, D.(editor), Dara, A.(editor), Crespi, I.(editor) and Sofos, I.(editor), Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The Atlas of Migration is more than just a publication—it is a testament to the power of data and rigorous analysis in illuminating the multifaceted nature of migratory movements. The 2024 edition of the Atlas continues to serve as a vital tool for policymakers, researchers and the public at large, offering a wealth of data to cut through the confusion and misinformation that often surrounds the discourse on migration. The Atlas provides the latest harmonised and validated data on migration for the 27 EU Member States and for 171 countries and territories around the world. It brings together data from many reliable sources, such as Eurostat, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, the World Bank and many others. This year’s thematic chapter of the Atlas delves into the nuanced motivations behind migration, moving beyond simplified narratives in favour of a more comprehensive view that acknowledges the diverse and often overlapping reasons that propel individuals to move.

European Commission, Eurostat. Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

The Factsheets of Basic figures on candidate countries and potential candidates present a series of basic statistical data for ten candidate countries and potential candidates and compares them with EU data. The candidate countries at the time of writing are: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Republic of Moldova, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Türkiye and Ukraine. Kosovo and Georgia are potential candidates. With data up to and including the year 2021, this publication presents indicators from various domains such as demography, education, labour market, inflation, trade, GDP, energy, etc.

European Committee of the Regions, CoR 10-point support package for Ukraine, European Committee of the Regions, 2024.

The 10-Point Support Package for Ukraine is a comprehensive set of measures that ensured immediate aid to a nation at war and its people, while simultaneously strengthening Ukraine’s capacities as a candidate country. After one and a half years of implementation of these measures, the European Committee of the Regions (CoR) has updated the package with a focus on the two key priorities for the next few years, namely: • Support for reconstruction and resilience, with a view to a decentralised reconstruction process in Ukraine (also financially supported by the Ukraine Facility); • Support for Ukraine on its path to EU integration (pre-enlargement process).

European Commission: Service for Foreign Policy Instruments, Elaborating a strategic trade system of dual-use items – Experiences from the European Union, Morocco, Philippines, Serbia, Singapore and Ukraine, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The present publication intends to illustrate and analyse examples of dual-use trade control systems that address these questions in a balanced and efficient manner. It reflects the experiences shared by experts from the European Union and five of its partner countries under the EU P2P Programme, i.e. Morocco, the Philippines, Serbia, Singapore and Ukraine, and builds on their regular and enduring exchanges on export control best practices. This document is the result of dialogues with partners, an important contribution to the mutual understanding of various responses to common challenges and a tool for strengthening collective action against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The objective of this manual is to offer, through the experiences of the EU and several selected countries, a comprehensive understanding of the elaboration process that a state must initiate to establish or strengthen its strategic trade control (STC) system.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Posseme, B., Poulin, F., Boillet, C., Gouret, M. et al., European Parliament, 2024.

This study analyses the present and future of the European electricity and gas infrastructure, exploring production capacity scenarios and their impact on the electricity system (including the role of interconnections, transmission and distribution grids, prosumers, and storage). It also assesses the potential impact of renewable hydrogen development in terms of production and transport. Furthermore, it discusses Ukraine’s synchronisation with the EU power grid and its potential impact on the EU energy system. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

European Committee of the Regions and European Economic and Social Committee, English-Ukrainian communication booklet, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Produced by the Directorate for Translation of
the European Economic and Social Committee and
the European Committee of the Regions.

European Committee of the Regions, The European Committee of the Regions' 10-point support package for Ukraine, European Committee of the Regions, 2024.

The European Committee of the Region’s 10-Point Support Package for Ukraine is a comprehensive set of tailor-made measures that ensure immediate aid to a nation at war and its people, while also strengthening Ukrainian local and regional authorities’ capacities to contribute to Ukraine’s accession process to join the European Union.

European External Action Service and Borrell Fontelles, J., Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

2023 was mainly dominated by the two wars raging in the EU's neighbourhood. Ukraine managed to liberate half of the territory occupied by Russia in 2022 and unblock the Black Sea. However, Russia continued to attack and destroy the country. Ukraine must prevail because the core principles of the United Nations Charter and EU’s very security are at stake. That is why the EU stepped up its support. On 7 October, the terrorist attack by Hamas has triggered a new war in Gaza, with serious risks of spill over in the region. The EU has called on and acted for putting an end to the humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza, free the hostages and implement rapidly the two-state solution, the only way to bring a just and lasting peace to the region. Many other topics were also on EU’s agenda in 2023: the EU-China relations, the coups in the Sahel, the EU-Latin America summit, European defence, multilateralism… This book brings together blog posts, op-eds and speeches by HR/VP Josep Borrell Fontelles, addressing the most pressing issues for EU’s foreign and security policy during the year 2023.

European External Action Service and Borrell Fontelles, J., Europe in the 'arc of fire' – EU foreign policy in 2024, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

2024 has confirmed how much Europe is in danger. From Ukraine to the Middle East, via South Caucasus, the Horn of Africa or the Sahel, conflicts and crises have been multiplying on our doorstep. Not forgetting the rising tensions in the South China Sea. All of this at a time where the US commitment to European security is becoming much more uncertain. We have continued to support Ukraine, but we have not managed to provide enough resources to stop Russia’s constant attacks on Ukrainian civilian infrastructures and its advance into Donetsk.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication. Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

In response to the unprovoked and unjustified military aggression against Ukraine, the EU has imposed unprecedented sanctions against Russia, designed to: reduce the Kremlin’s ability to finance the war; impose clear economic and political costs on Russia’s political elite; diminish Russia’s economic base. These measures are targeted, are not affecting energy and agrifood export from Russia to third countries, and are well coordinated with our allies.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Communication, EU solidarity with Ukraine, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025.

The EU stands united in its unwavering support for Ukraine in the face of Russia’s war of aggression and its illegal attempts to annex Ukrainian territory. The EU continues to work relentlessly with international partners to make sure Ukraine receives the material support it needs and to hold Russia accountable for its actions. The EU has also offered temporary protection to over four million people fleeing the war and is committed to continue providing strong political, financial, economic, humanitarian, military and diplomatic support to Ukraine and its people for as long as it takes. The EU opened accession negotiations with Ukraine.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Communication, European Commission, 2024.

The Standard Eurobarometer 101 (EB101) survey of spring 2024 was conducted from 2 April to 9 May in 38 countries or territories: the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU), eight candidate countries (Albania, Georgia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Türkiye and Bosnia and Herzegovina), the Turkish Cypriot Community in the part of the country not controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as in Kosovo1 and the United Kingdom.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Umland, A. and Ioffe, Y., European Parliament, 2024.

On 13 November 2023, a workshop was organised on behalf of the Human Rights Subcommittee focusing on the forcible transfer and deportation of Ukrainian children by Russia, which has taken place since 2014 and vastly intensified since the full-scale invasion on 24 February 2022. Ukrainian, EU and third country diplomatic and political efforts to stop the deportations and repatriate children were looked at, along with initiatives by the civil society.

JRC MARS Bulletin. Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Throughout the summer of 2024, Ukraine experienced unusually dry conditions. While yields of winter and spring crops remained close to the 5-year average, the outlook for summer crops is below average, but without reaching a historical low.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The report presents the results of the survey on the inclusion of displaced children from Ukraine in education across the European Union for the school year 2023-2024. Approximately 700,000 displaced children from Ukraine are estimated to be enrolled in schools from early childhood education and care to upper secondary education across the EU. The 23 Member States participating in the survey have all mobilised extensive support for students, families, teachers, and educational institutions across different levels and sectors, and over half of Member States require children from Ukraine to attend local schools.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services and Webb, P., European Parliament, 2024.

This report analyses the options under international law for the confiscation of Russian state assets to support Ukraine's reconstruction. It focuses on Russian Central Bank assets, US$300 billion of which are frozen in various jurisdictions. The report considers four avenues for overcoming Russia's immunity from enforcement: avoidance of immunity through purely executive or legislative action; justification for the breach of international law on the grounds that it is a countermeasure; evolution of international law to lift immunity from enforcement upon, for example, a finding of aggression by a United Nations principal organ; and an exception in international law for the enforcement of international judgments.

European Union Institute for Security Studies, Andersson, J. and Simon, S., Minding the drone gap – Drone warfare and the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

As the EU Member States ramp up arms production in support of Ukraine and for their own defence, the proliferation of armed drones and countermeasures is a growing concern. This poses important questions for the future of warfare and the European defence industry. The impact of drones varies significantly however depending on their type, highlighting the need for a clear definition of the term. Furthermore, the effectiveness of countermeasures significantly influences the extent to which drones can impact military operations and civilian infrastructure. The EU can support Ukraine's drone warfare efforts and build its own drone and counter-drone capabilities by leveraging the Union’s strengths: a strong and innovative industrial base, close cooperation with Ukraine, and a burgeoning EU defence industry policy.

European University Institute and Opryshko, D., European University Institute, 2024.

In 2023 in Ukraine the legal regime of martial law continued to be enacted, accordingly a partial restriction of the right to freedom of expression was preserved. The Law of Ukraine “On Media” entered into force in March 2023. In particular, it implemented the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive, widened a range of subjects in the sphere of media whose activities are being regulated, including activities of online media, established guarantees of independence of the National Council of Ukraine for Television and Radio Broadcasting that certainly improved Ukrainian media legislation.

European Court of Auditors, Opinion 02/2024 (pursuant to Article 322, TFEU) concerning the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Defence Industry Programme and a framework of measures to ensure the timely availability and supply of defence products (EDIP), Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Faced with the return of high-intensity warfare on the European continent with Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine in 2022, the EU has moved defence high up the agenda. Following the Versailles Declaration of 11 March 2022, in May 2022 the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy adopted the Joint Communication on defence investment gaps analysis and way forward.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Recommendations from the European Commission-led expert group on the safeguarding of cultural heritage in Ukraine, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Culture is a key factor for a participative and people-centred approach and should be prioritised for the recovery of post-war society. To achieve this, it is important to promptly safeguard cultural heritage, given the current emergency situation in Ukraine, through integrated and cross-sectoral cooperation and multilevel policymaking at the local, national and international levels. ‘Recovery and reconstruction should enable people to connect to their heritage, identity and history’ (UNESCO’s Warsaw Recommendation on Recovery and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage, 2018). Rights-based approaches, gender, age, disability and diverse cultural perspectives should be integrated into all policies and practices. Cultural heritage is an asset that reaches beyond signatory monuments and sites and that provides resources for (re)construction, social life, continuity, identity and meaning-making.

Elena Gabriella Roubinski, European University Institute, 2024.

The Russian war of aggression metamorphosed European foreign and internal politics. The European member states' unique effort to unite and engage in a new strategic rationale led to the proliferation of 'geopolitical' formulations. Reviving its enlargement policy has sparked extensive praise, debate, and concern across the Union. This research explores what the 'geopolitical enlargement' means and what it says about the EU. It investigates the underlying motivations behind the expedited awarding of candidacies to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine and the reactivation of the integration process with the Western Balkans. While relying on the securitisation framework, this research reveals that European narratives link the EU's security, values, prosperity and influence with its overall identity and future. Most European leaders see enlargement as an opportunity for needed institutional change, strategic regional anchoring, and international projection. Despite posing a risk to the interests it aims to safeguard, the expansion of the EU seems a policy imperative.

European Union Institute for Security Studies, Kovalčíková, N., De Agostini, L. and Catena, B., Strengthening resilience in the East – How the EU can empower countries against foreign interference, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI) challenges EU strategic interests in the Eastern Neighbourhood, impacting not just communication and democratic processes but also partner countries’ security. In the ‘Eastern trio’ of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine, FIMI risks have escalated, threatening both candidate countries and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The EU should consider adapting its CSDP to address these rising threats, as highlighted in the new Civilian Compact, and prioritise integrating FIMI countermeasures into the core of its CSDP efforts, especially in regions of strategic interest. EUPM Moldova demonstrates how CSDP can strengthen resilience across multiple domains. The mission could serve as a blueprint for designing more flexible CSDP missions to respond to this challenge.

Sami James Harju, European University Institute, 2024.

The following attempts to determine the extent to which formulating a rational endgame in Ukraine might benefit from the presented conceptual framing of a sufficiently just peace. While Ukraine must be supported in dictating the terms of its own future in the face of malevolence, the current trajectory of the conflict forbodes no good outcome for anyone. The gulf between the generally held maximal conception of an ideal justice and any pragmatic outlook of peace presents a dangerously incompatible normative contrast. The proposed framework utilises relevant principles from both just war and just peace theory, bringing them back to reality through an enhanced utility in contextualisation. The proposed paradigm subsequently facilitates conflicting narratives, intersubjectivity, and compromise, with the added scope of treating both peace and justice as relative conditions. The sufficient condition that guide the use of the framework, while informed by context, are largely subjective and open to interpretation. The analysis serves as a dialectical summary of the historical context causes, and potential consequences of the war, upon which the framework can be utilised by the reader to determine their own 'sufficiently just peace'.

European Commission: European Education and Culture Executive Agency, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Amidst Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, the European Union has stood strong in solidarity, offering vital assistance to Ukraine’s cultural and creative sectors. This publication highlights EU initiatives and collaborations that aid in mitigating the conflict’s impact on culture. From strategic projects responding to the crisis, to specialised training for cultural heritage professionals, this compilation showcases the EU’s commitment to fostering resilience. Explore how these endeavours contribute to Ukraine’s cultural recovery and envision a post-conflict future.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Communication, Support to Ukraine’s energy security for the coming winter, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Supporting Ukraine’s energy security for the winter September 2024 Since the beginning of the war, Russia has systematically targeted Ukraine’s civilian energy infrastructure, leaving millions of Ukrainians with limited power. As winter is approaching, energy shortages could leave the Ukrainian population without access to basic services including heating and running water, impacting many vulnerable people. The Commission is today stepping up its support to Ukraine’s energy security ahead of winter. This will address the immediate needs of the population, while making Ukraine’s energy system more resilient in the long-term.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, German, T. and Tyushka, A., European Parliament, 2024.

With the aim of bringing Russia’s war of aggression to an end and developing a sustainable post-war peace, Ukraine has advanced its vision of peace (as encompassed in President Zelenskyy’s ‘peace formula’) and the paths that lead to this (as outlined in Ukraine’s 10-point peace plan). Other actors, including China, Indonesia and the collective African Peace Initiative Mission, have advanced their own peace proposals. This in-depth analysis (IDA) scrutinises the different proposals that have been put forward and their visions for the post-war future of Ukraine and the European security order.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Ukraine, support for researchers and innovators, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Ukraine’s association to Horizon Europe and Euratom programmes, in force as of 9 June 2022, is the key means of support to Ukraine’s Research & Innovation (R&I) ecosystem.

European Union Agency for Asylum and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Since the onset of Russia’s large-scale war against Ukraine, millions of people have been forced to flee their homes in search of a safe haven. This report brings together the results of the Survey of Arriving Migrants from Ukraine (SAM-UKR), conducted by the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) in collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to investigate the prevailing themes of forced displacement from Ukraine, discerned through first-hand testimonies of the affected populations. The Gradus Research company provides an indispensable perspective from Ukraine and enhanced this analysis through a thorough review and insights garnered from own surveys.

European Institute for Gender Equality, Bardho, E., Costa, D., Fabré Rosell, C., Jansen, N. et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

This report presents the findings of a study launched following Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine on 24 February 2022, which led to a displacement of an unprecedented scale and forced over 8 million people – mostly women and children – to flee Ukraine and seek refuge and protection across Europe (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) data, as of 9 May 2023). The overarching objective of this report is to assess the availability of specialised services available in the European Union for victims of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV)