European Commission: Legal service, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

This book celebrates 70 years of EU law. It is written by lawyers whose daily work in the Commission Legal Service ensures that EU law is correctly applied and properly implemented within the Union. EU law is the guiding thread of European integration. All major steps forward in the process of integration are reflected in acts of EU law. EU law characterises the past 70 years of the EU, from the ECSC to the EU of today. In those 70 years, the EU has transformed from an economic union to a union for its citizens.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

This is the 12th edition of the EU Justice Scoreboard. As every year, the Justice Scoreboard provides a summary of data on the three key established elements of effective national justice systems: 1. Efficiency; 2. Quality; 3. Independence. In response to a need for more comparative information, the 2024 edition also contains a set of new indicators. These include statistics on the accessibility to justice for children in civil and in criminal proceedings; notaries and their powers in succession procedures; and the salaries of judicial and prosecutorial expert staff. The 2024 edition also includes an overview of authorities involved in the appointment of court presidents and prosecutors, as well as updated information on the composition of national councils for the judiciary and an overview of the powers of national bodies involved in the prevention of corruption, with a specific focus on asset disclosure. These new indicators, together with the data collected on an annual basis, improve our understanding of the judicial landscape across the EU. Overall, this exercise helps us to understand the European justice systems better.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (CNECT), 2024.

A study commissioned by the European Commission highlights the significant potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve public sector services across the EU. The report emphasizes that AI can enhance citizen-government interactions, boost analytical capabilities, and increase efficiency in key areas such as healthcare, mobility, e-Government, and education. These sectors are identified as among the most ready for large-scale AI deployment, with applications ranging from autonomous vehicles and smart traffic systems to AI-driven healthcare solutions and education technologies.

European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Tangi, L., Rodriguez Müller, A., et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

This report provides the result of a research study conducted within the context of the Public Sector Tech Watch, an observatory developed by DG DIGIT, with the support of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), that provides a knowledge hub and a virtual space where public administrations, civil society, GovTech companies and researchers can find and share knowledge and experience. The report’s primary goal is to offer an analysis of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are improving interoperability in the European Public Sector. The findings are based on three pillars: (i) a literature and policy review on the synergies between AI and interoperability; (ii) a quantitative analysis of a selected set of 189 use cases fitting the purpose of the research question; and (iii) a qualitative study going deeper into some illustrative cases.

European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union. Publications Office, 2020.

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the impact on fundamental rights of Artificial Intelligence in the field of law enforcement and criminal justice, from a European Union perspective.

European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation, European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

Over the past few years, significant groundwork has been done by both Eurojust and eu-LISA, as well as the European Commission to speed-up digital transformation and the adoption of IT solutions based on artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). For example, the study on Cross-border Digital Criminal Justice, commissioned by DG JUST, performed an assessment of business needs in cross-border criminal justice cooperation and proposed a set of solutions tackling those needs.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

This study, carried out for the European Commission (DG JUST), examines the link between national civil liability rules and consumers’ attitudes towards AI-enabled products and services (AI applications). The study examines, based on behavioural analysis, the following two dimensions: - As regards the societal acceptance of AI applications, the study aims to assess the current level of acceptance of AI applications, the factors shaping it, as well as the awareness of potential challenges in obtaining compensation for damage caused by these applications and its effect on societal acceptance.

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

Artificial intelligence is everywhere and affects everyone – from deciding what content people see on their social media feeds to determining who will receive state benefits. AI technologies are typically based on algorithms that make predictions to support or even fully automate decision-making.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Mascarenhas de Ataíde, R., Barroso Rodrigues, A., et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

Planned obsolescence is a practice that anticipates the entropy cycle of a product from an objective point of view or just from the consumer's perspective. Recent practices, especially in the electronic goods market, add a second type of obsolescence, caused after the goods are in the consumer's possession and long after the legal warranty has expired. The present study focuses on the framing of this practice of obsolescence, on the offence of the right to repair, and seeks to find the legal response within the European Union Law, in terms of consumer protection.

European Parliament, Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services. Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

Supported by the arrival of 5G and, soon 6G, digital technologies are evolving towards an artificial intelligence-driven internet of robotic and bionano things. The merging of artificial intelligence (AI) with other technologies such as the internet of things (IoT) gives rise to acronyms such as 'AIoT', 'IoRT' (IoT and robotics) and 'IoBNT' (IoT and bionano technology).

European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

Over the last few years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a very active research topic, moving from a purely technical field to an interdisciplinary research domain and a very active topic in terms of policy developments. The European approach for AI focuses on two main areas: excellence and trust, enabling the development and uptake of AI while ensuring people's safety and fundamental rights.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

The conference ‘Judicial Training: The Right Skills to Embrace the Digitalisation of Justice’ took place over three mornings, in Brussels and online, 26-28 April 2023. A series of specialised workshops and plenary sessions focused in depth on the digitalisation of justice, one of the priorities set by the European judicial training strategy 2021-2024. The conference, hosted by the European Commission (EC), brought together over 290 national and European level training providers and associations in charge of training for judges, prosecutors, court and prosecution office staff, lawyers, notaries, bailiffs and prison and probation staff in the EU Member States, the candidate and potential candidate countries, covering 37 countries.

European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Maciejewski, M., European Parliament, 2024

Exponential progress in the area of ICT improves access to data and information, which in its turn can lead to greater accessibility, reduced complexity, efficiency and respect of fundamental rights in policy, law making and implementation of law. Drafting and publication of laws need to be reformed from paper based format to modern digital media. Expertise, evidence and data should constitute mandatory elements of policy and law making. Ex-post quantified evaluation of legislation needs to be applied consistently. This study was prepared by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee.

European Commission: European Research Council Executive Agency, Mapping ERC frontier research artificial intelligence, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

The European Research Council (ERC) is the premier European funding organisation for excellent frontier research. Since its establishment in 2007, it has been a cornerstone of the EU’s research and innovation funding programmes. The ERC gives its grantees the freedom to develop ambitious research projects that can lead to advances at the frontiers of knowledge and set a clear and inspirational target for frontier research across Europe. The ERC funds a rich and diverse portfolio of projects in all fields of science and scholarship, without any predefined academic or policy priorities. These projects can have an impact well beyond science and provide frontier knowledge and innovation to help solve societal challenges and inform EU policy objectives. This report aims to highlight how ERC-funded curiosity-driven research projects are developing or using Artificial Intelligence in their scientific processes, and how these projects and their outputs can help to both define and enable the implementation of policies related to AI and its cross-cutting applications.

European University Institute, 2022.

In the current era of rapid technological advancements and big data evolution, one important question revolves around whether the growing development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and their penetration through our societies constitute a threat to our political systems.

Emerging (innovative) technologies substantially transform individual lives and have a profound impact on the fabric of society and the functioning of its institutions. Their use can generate important benefits in various domains, such as healthcare, transport, education, and public administration, generating promising opportunities for humanity at scale. Therefore, competing on the global scene with other actors who are advanced in their use of innovative technologies is critical nowadays. In the case of the juridical sector, some EU Member States already have some emerging technology-based judicial tools implemented and/or have a public political strategy to develop these technologies, including artificial intelligence in the administration of justice.