OECD, OECD Digital Economy Papers, (352), OECD Publishing, 2023.

The OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) undertakes a wide range of activities to better understand how information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to sustainable economic growth and social well-being. The OECD Digital Economy Papers series covers a broad range of ICT-related issues and makes selected studies available to a wider readership. They include policy reports, which are officially declassified by an OECD Committee, and occasional working papers, which are meant to share early knowledge.

UNESCO, 2023.

As AI continues to open up numerous of opportunities to transform and revolutionize how we address global challenges and move through the world, excitement over AI systems has been tempered by growing concerns over its potential harms and ethical issues that may arise. Some of the concerns that have been raised by world leaders and experts include the use of AI by malicious parties, the amplification and exacerbation of existing biases, as well as the propensity of AI to facilitate the spread of disinformation and misinformation.

OECD, OECD Publishing, 2023.

In May 2023, G7 Leaders identified topics for discussion in the Hiroshima Artificial Intelligence (AI) Process and called for an early stocktaking of opportunities and challenges related to generative AI. This report presents the results of a questionnaire to G7 members developed to support the stocktaking and help guide G7 discussions on common policy priorities about generative AI. It also provides a brief overview of the development of generative AI over time and across countries. The report and questionnaire results represent a snapshot in time: they are indicative of trends identified in the first half of 2023 in a rapidly evolving area of technology. The report helped inform and structure discussions of the G7 Hiroshima AI Process.

Cazzaniga, M., Florence Jaumotte, F., Li, L., et al., International Monetary Fund, 2024.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to reshape the global economy, especially in the realm of labor markets. Advanced economies will experience the benefits and pitfalls of AI sooner than emerging market and developing economies, largely due to their employment structure focused on cognitive-intensive roles. There are some consistent patterns concerning AI exposure, with women and college-educated individuals more exposed but also better poised to reap AI benefits, and older workers potentially less able to adapt to the new technology. Labor income inequality may increase if the complementarity between AI and high-income workers is strong, while capital returns will increase wealth inequality. However, if productivity gains are sufficiently large, income levels could surge for most workers. In this evolving landscape, advanced economies and more developed emerging markets need to focus on upgrading regulatory frameworks and supporting labor reallocation, while safeguarding those adversely affected. Emerging market and developing economies should prioritize developing digital infrastructure and digital skills.

Gmyrek, P., Berg, J. and Bescond, D., IOL working paper, (96), International Labour Organization, 2023.

This study assesses the potential global exposure of occupations to Generative AI, particularly GPT-4. It predicts that the overwhelming effect of the technology will be to augment occupations, rather than to automate them. The greatest impact is likely to be in high and upper-middle income countries due to a higher share of employment in clerical occupations. As clerical jobs are an important source of female employment, the effects are highly gendered. Insights from this study underline the need for proactive policies that focus on job quality, ensure fair transitions, and that are based on dialogue and adequate regulation.

Word Bank, Emerging Technologies Curation Series, (5), World Bank, 2023.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has been developing rapidly and has attracted significant attention in recent years, with numerous advances and breakthroughs. The generative AI market is expected to grow from 1.5 billion dollars in 2021 to 6.5 billion dollars by 2026 - a compound annual growth rate of 34.9 percent. Acknowledging the growing importance of generative AI in research and practical applications, including its use to solve international development challenges, this report provides a comprehensive overview of generative AI, introduces the basics, explains its development over time, and examines its types and applications. After highlighting the benefits and capabilities of generative AI, the report explores how it can be applied in various industries such as health care, manufacturing, media, and entertainment and then discusses potential opportunities and limitations users must consider.

Shabsigh, G. and Boukherouaa, E. B., International Monetary Fund, 2023.

In recent years, technological advances and competitive pressures have fueled rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the financial sector, and this adoption is set to accelerate with the recent emergence of generative AI (GenAI). GenAI is a significant leap forward in AI technology that enhances its utility for financial institutions that have been quick at adapting it to a broad range of applications. However, there are risks inherent in the AI technology and its application in the financial sector, including embedded bias, privacy concerns, outcome opaqueness, performance robustness, unique cyberthreats, and the potential for creating new sources and transmission channels of systemic risks. GenAI could aggravate some of these risks and bring about new types or risks as well, including for financial sector stability. This paper provides early insights into GenAI’s inherent risks and their potential impact on the financial sector.

Miao, F. and Holmes, W., UNESCO, 2023.

Publicly available generative AI (GenAI) tools are rapidly emerging, and the release of iterative versions is outpacing the adaptation of national regulatory frameworks. The absence of national regulations on GenAI in most countries leaves the data privacy of users unprotected and educational institutions largely unprepared to validate the tools. Based on a humanistic vision, the Guidance proposes key steps to the regulation of GenAI tool, including mandating the protection of data privacy, and setting an age limit for the independent conversations with GenAI platforms. To guide the proper use of the tools in education and research, this Guidance proposes a human-agent and age-appropriate approach to the ethical validation and pedagogical design processes.

Lorenz, P., Perset, K. and Berryhill, J., OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, (1), OECD Publishing, 2023.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) creates new content in response to prompts, offering transformative potential across multiple sectors such as education, entertainment, healthcare and scientific research. However, these technologies also pose critical societal and policy challenges that policy makers must confront: potential shifts in labour markets, copyright uncertainties, and risk associated with the perpetuation of societal biases and the potential for misuse in the creation of disinformation and manipulated content. Consequences could extend to the spreading of mis- and disinformation, perpetuation of discrimination, distortion of public discourse and markets, and the incitement of violence. Governments recognise the transformative impact of generative AI and are actively working to address these challenges. This paper aims to inform these policy considerations and support decision makers in addressing them.

Chowdhury, R. and Lakshmi, D., UNESCO, 2023.

L'IA générative révolutionne la façon dont les individus accèdent à l'information, produisent, reçoivent et interagissent avec des contenus. Si ces innovations offrent des possibilités auparavant inimaginables, elles soulèvent également des inquiétudes quant à la protection et la promotion des droits humains, et en particulier quant à la sécurité des filles et des femmes. Cet événement parallèle examinera comment l'IA générative sur internet a aggravé et accru les possibilités de violence de genre à l'égard des filles et des femmes facilitée par la technologie. Il examinera également comment l'approche des Principes pour la gouvernance des plateformes numériques : préserver la liberté d’expression et l’accès à l’information - une approche multipartite peut être appliquée dans le développement et le déploiement de solutions par différents acteurs tels que les entreprises technologiques et d’IA générative, les régulateurs et les décideurs politiques, ainsi que par les organisations de la société civile et les individus.

OECD, OECD Publishing, 2023.

En mai 2023, les dirigeants du G7 ont recensé les thèmes à examiner dans le cadre du processus d’Hiroshima et demandé l’établissement rapide d’un état des lieux des possibilités et enjeux associés à l’IA générative. Ce rapport donne à voir les réponses reçues à un questionnaire conçu pour faciliter cet état des lieux et doit étayer les échanges du G7 au sujet des priorités d’action communes en ce qui concerne cette technologie. Il permet également de brosser une rapide vue d’ensemble de son évolution dans le temps et dans l’espace. Le rapport et les réponses au questionnaire doivent être considérés comme le reflet de la situation à un instant T : ils donnent une idée des tendances observables à l’été 2023, dans un contexte technologique en mutation rapide. Le rapport a contribué à éclairer et structurer les discussions tenues dans le cadre du processus du G7, dit d’Hiroshima, sur l’IA.

Chowdhury, R. and Lakshmi, D., UNESCO, 2023.

Generative AI is revolutionizing the way people access information, produce, receive and interact with content. While these innovations offer previously unimaginable positive gains, they also raise concerns for the overall protection and promotion of all human rights, with a particular concern for the safety of woman and girls. This side event will explore how generative AI on the internet has aggravated and increased the potential avenues for technology-facilitated gender-based violence against women and girls. It will also look at how the approach of the UNESCO Guidelines for the governance of digital platforms: safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multi-stakeholder approach can be applied in the development and deployment of solutions to address the risks of technology-facilitated gender-based violence by different actors such as generative AI companies and the technology companies that platform them, regulators and policy makers as well as civil society organisations and individual actors.