European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (CNECT), 2024.

A study commissioned by the European Commission highlights the significant potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve public sector services across the EU. The report emphasizes that AI can enhance citizen-government interactions, boost analytical capabilities, and increase efficiency in key areas such as healthcare, mobility, e-Government, and education. These sectors are identified as among the most ready for large-scale AI deployment, with applications ranging from autonomous vehicles and smart traffic systems to AI-driven healthcare solutions and education technologies.

European Data Protection Supervisor, AI Act Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 – Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (Text with EEA relevance), Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2804/4225375

The purpose of this Regulation is to improve the functioning of the internal market and promote the uptake of human-centric and trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI), while ensuring a high level of protection of health, safety, fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter, including democracy, the rule of law and environmental protection, against the harmful effects of AI systems in the Union and supporting innovation.

European University Institute and Cantero Gamito, M., AI governance and the EU’s strategic role in 2025, European University Institute, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/2955242

The current global conversation on AI governance is taking place within an intense and shifting geopolitical setting. As such, the ongoing attempts to coordinate governance through summits and other international initiatives are revealing important disagreements among world powers. The EU, once a regulatory leader, faces weakening influence in this conversation. To remain a credible global actor, Europe should rethink its strategy while dealing with internal enforcement gaps and declining external leverage. This policy brief examines current governance dynamics and argues that regulatory ambition alone is no longer sufficient. To remain credible, the EU needs to connect rulemaking with industrial capacity and build coalitions shaped by shared strategic interests rather than rhetorical alignment.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Digital Services, Brizuela, A., Combetto, M., Kotoglou, S., Galasso, G. et al., Analysis of the generative AI landscape in the European public sector, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2799/0409819

This report provides a broad description of the adoption of generative AI (or GenAI) within the European public sector. It focuses on (i) guidelines and policies adopted within administrations to regulate the use of this emerging technology; and (ii) the multiple applications and use cases found in the Public Sector Tech Watch observatory. The public sector is quickly adopting GenAI solutions, but administrations are facing daily challenges related to implementation processes and effective public-private collaborations. Administrations are also facing other challenges in their regulatory eff o r t s , primarily centred around human oversight; accountability; the importance of data protection; and governance, safety, fairness and transparency.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Bianchini, S., Di Girolamo, V., Ravet, J. and Arranz, D., Artificial intelligence in science – Promises or perils for creativity?, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/6693925

The paper explores the impact of AI on scientific creativity, examining its use across 80 fields from 2000 to 2022. AI adoption has surged in nearly all areas since the early 2010s, although striking regional differences emerge. In recent years, China has taken the lead in AI-driven research, outpacing both the US and the EU, not just in sheer output, but also in terms of scientific novelty and impact.

European University Institute and Šucha, V., Before AGI arrives – Why 2025-2030 determines the future of democratic AI governance, European University Institute, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/7885333

This paper argues that democratic societies face a critical threeto five-year window (2025-2030) to establish effective governance of artificial intelligence before the potential emergence of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). The analysis demonstrates that AI capabilities are advancing exponentially while democratic institutions respond at traditional policy speeds, creating a dangerous mismatch. Power is rapidly concentrating in private technology corporations that now control 85-90% of AI computational resources and talent, while public sector AI investment lags dramatically behind private funding.

European Union Intellectual Property Office, The development of generative artificial intelligence from a copyright perspective, European Union Intellectual Property Office, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2814/3893780

This study is designed to clarify how GenAI systems interact with copyright – technically, legally, and economically. It examines how copyright-protected content is used in training models, what the applicable EU legal framework is, how creators can reserve their rights through opt-out mechanisms, and what technologies exist to mark or identify AI-generated outputs. It also explores licensing opportunities and the potential emergence of a functioning market for AI training data. Although the study is intended for experts in the field, it lays the groundwork for developing clear and accessible informational resources for a broader audience.

European University Institute, Moretti, L., Rinaldi, L. and Schlosser, P., Digital finance in the EU – Navigating new technological trends and the AI revolution, Moretti, L.(editor), Schlosser, P.(editor) and Rinaldi, L.(editor), European University Institute, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/8600400

This second EU-Supervisory Digital Finance Academy e-book is being published two years after the launch of the EU-SDFA project. It follows the first e-book (Beck, Giani, and Sciascia, 2023) and shares its twofold objectives. First, it aims to provide the participants in the Academy with a complementary source of knowledge, analysis, and reflection.

European Central Bank, Bondt, G. J. d. and Sun, Y., Enhancing GDP nowcasts with ChatGPT – A novel application of PMI news releases, European Central Bank, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2866/2788332

This study involves tasking ChatGPT with classifying an “activity sentiment score” based on PMI news releases. It explores the predictive power of this score for euro area GDP nowcasting. We find that the PMI text scores enhance GDP nowcasts beyond what is embedded in ECB/Eurosystem Staff projections and Eurostat’s first GDP estimate. The ChatGPT-derived activity score retains its significance in regressions that also include the composite output PMI diffusion index.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Renda, A., Balland, P.-A., Soete, L. and Christophilopoulos, E., A European model for artificial intelligence, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/8034640

There is a consensus on the urgent need for a cohesive European response to the challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Increased investment, policy alignment and skill development, are crucial to leverage the emergence of this ground-breaking technology of AI for societal good. The potential of AI in science, government, and industry, underlines the need for the EU public sector to use its unique position in developing and supporting a strategic, transborder and cooperative approach to AI development in Europe, in a unique European model for AI.

European University Institute and Gori, P., General-purpose GenAI chatbots – Preserving the public interest, European University Institute, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/5121057

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools – in particular, general-purpose GenAI chatbots – are now widely used by society. The training methodology and the quality of the data on which they are trained impacts their outputs. These tools are trained on large sets of mainly public data, and their outputs (i.e., responses provided to the user) depend on the prediction of the next word based on the statistically most-used word in a given context (they do not possess knowledge or reasoning capacities per se).

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Citizens’ Rights, Justice and Institutional Affairs and Lucchi, N., Generative AI and copyright – Training, creation, regulation, European Parliament, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/9120512

This study examines how generative AI challenges core principles of EU copyright law. It highlights the legal mismatch between AI training practices and current text and data mining exceptions, and the uncertain status of AI-generated content. These developments pose structural risks for the future of creativity in Europe, where a rich and diverse cultural heritage depends on the continued protection and fair remuneration of authors. The report calls for clear rules on input/output distinctions, harmonised opt-out mechanisms, transparency obligations, and equitable licensing models. To balance innovation and authors’ rights, the European Parliament is expected to lead reforms that reflect the evolving realities of creativity, authorship, and machine-generated expression. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs.

CEPS Centre for European Policy Studies, European Economic and Social Committee, Balland, P.-A., Grabova, O., Marcus, J. S. et al., Generative AI and foundation models in the EU – Uptake, opportunities, challenges, and a way forward, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2864/8377116

This report examines the burgeoning generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and foundation models landscape within the European Union, and analyses its impact, technological advancements, and regulatory implications. It details the GenAI value chain, identifying key players and investment trends, revealing a significant US dominance.

Cybersecurity Service for the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies (CERT-EU), 2025.

Generative AI technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with the potential to disrupt industries and reshape society. While predicting its future trajectory is challenging due to the rapid pace of technological evolution, past trends provide valuable insights. The launch of ChatGPT marked a pivotal moment, sparking widespread interest and changing the way businesses and individuals interact with AI. T

Abendroth-Dias, K., Vespe, M., Arias Cabarcos, P., Kotsev, A., Bacco, M. et al., Generative AI outlook report – Exploring the intersection of technology, society, and policy, Vespe, M.(editor), Kotsev, A.(editor), Van Bavel, R.(editor) and Navajas Cawood, E.(editor), Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/1109679

This Outlook report, prepared by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), examines the transformative role of Generative AI (GenAI) with a specific emphasis on the European Union. It highlights the potential of GenAI for innovation, productivity, and societal change. GenAI is a disruptive technology due to its capability of producing human-like content at an unprecedented scale. As such, it holds multiple opportunities for advancements across various sectors, including healthcare, education, science, and creative industries. At the same time, GenAI also presents significant challenges, including the possibility to amplify misinformation, bias, labour disruption, and privacy concerns. All those issues are cross-cutting and therefore, the rapid development of GenAI requires a multidisciplinary approach to fully understand its implications.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, 2025.

These guidelines are the result of a joint effort between the European Commission and the countries and stakeholders represented in the ERA Forum. They provide simple and actionable recommendations to key actors in the research community on the use of generative AI. These recommendations will bring clarity and reassurance to those using generative AI in their research activities. These are ‘living’ guidelines, they will be updated regularly to keep up with the very fast technological development in this area.

Cedefop, Skills empower workers in the AI revolution – First findings from Cedefop’s AI skills survey, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/6372704

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the next general-purpose technology reshaping labour markets, jobs and skills. A lack of representative data makes it difficult to map AI use and its impact on jobs. This policy brief presents the first results of Cedefop’s 2024 AI skills survey. The survey shows that more than a quarter of the European adult workforce is already experimenting with the use of AI at work. With 6 in 10 employees susceptible to some form of AI-related task transformation, it is obvious that upskilling, reskilling and investing in AI literacy will be crucial drivers of a human-centred AI revolution.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Citizens’ Rights, Justice and Institutional Affairs and Brando, A., Technological aspects of generative AI in the context of copyright – Attribution and novelty in generative AI hypersurfaces, European Parliament, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/4255296

This in-depth analysis explains the statistical nature of generative AI and how training on copyright-protected data results in persistent functional dependencies with respect to the used data. It highlights the challenges of attribution and novelty detection in these high-dimensional models, emphasising the limitations of current methodologies. The study provides technical recommendations for traceability and output assessment mechanisms.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Labrosse, I., Campbell, D., Karlstrøm, H., Iversen, E. et al., The use of generative artificial intelligence in research, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/1024414

The study examines the surge in GenAI chatbot mentions in scientific literature, showing a 13-fold increase from November 2022 to December 2023. The use of GenAI chatbots in scientific research is mainly in ICT and Applied Sciences, where AI improves research efficiency. Key applications include writing and practical implementation, demonstrating the tool's widespread use in academic writing and research. Nonetheless, the increasing use of AI in research and academia raises concerns about quality assurance and trust issue.

European Central Bank, Ca’ Zorzi, M., Lopardo, G. and Manu, A.-S., Verba volant, transcripta manent – What corporate earnings calls reveal about the AI stock rally, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2866/1129955

This paper investigates the economic impact of technological innovation, focusing on generative AI (GenAI) following ChatGPT’s release in November 2022. We propose a novel framework leveraging large language models to analyze earnings call transcripts. Our method quantifies firms’ GenAI exposure and classifies sentiment as opportunity, adoption, or risk. Using panel econometric techniques, we assess GenAI exposure’s impact on S&P 500 firms’ financial performance over 2014-2023.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Citizens’ Rights, Justice and Institutional Affairs and Ivanova, T., Workshop on generative AI & copyright, Publications Office of the European Union, 2025, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/5568035

The JURI Committee workshop on generative AI and copyright was held on June 4, 2025. Prof. Dr Lucchi presented a study requested by the Committee on the legal aspects of the phenomenon. The complex relationship between copyright and generative AI from the perspective of technological and economic dimensions was addressed by the accompanying expertise of Dr Axel Brando and Prof. Dr Peukert, respectively.