European Commission: Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Special Eurobarometer, 549.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Publications Office of the European Union, 2024.

Survey coordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication (DG COMM “Media Monitoring and Eurobarometer” Unit).

Council of the European Union: General Secretariat of the Council, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Hadj Abdou, L., Katsiaficas, C., Liebl, J., Dražanová, L. et al., European Parliament, 2020.

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, assesses the operation and impact of the Schengen evaluation and monitoring mechanism in its first multiannual programme (2014-19), with the aim of identifying what has worked well and developing recommendations to strengthen it.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union and Bux, U., European Parliament, 2019.

Considerable progress was made regarding safeguarding the EU’s Schengen acquis during the legislative term 2014-2019 - most importantly after the migratory crisis of 2015 had made the deficiencies of the European common policy had become evident.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union and Bux, U., European Parliament, 2019.

Gradually since 1995, checks at the internal borders were abolished and a single external border was created. Ever since, the EU had tried to advance with a common policy on external borders and its various aspects, such as border controls, visas, asylum, regular migration and return. There has also been a considerable impact on internal border controls (Schengen area). Considerable progress was made regarding safeguarding the EU’s external borders during the legislative term 2014-2019, although the migratory crisis of 2015 made deficiencies of the European common policy evident.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Publications Office, 2018.

Special Eurobarometer, 474

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services, Dancourt, L., Maciejewski, M., Verbeken, D. et al., European Parliament, 2016.

The study highlights, amongst others, the added value of free movement within the Schengen area on the Single Market and describes the channels through which these benefit are being challenged by the re-introduction of border controls.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services, Hegg, M., Lilico, A. and Leghari, S., European Parliament, 2016.

This study has been written at the request of the European Added Value Unit of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (DG EPRS) for the European Parliament’s Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services and Ballegooij, W., European Parliament, 2016.

This study identifies the costs, in economic, social and political terms, of the (temporary) reintroduction of border controls between the Schengen Member States, with a special focus on civil liberties, justice and home affairs aspects.

European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Jeandesboz, J., Brouwer, E., Carrera, S., Vosyliūtė, L. et al., Publications Office, 2016.

Despite suggestions that the end of Schengen is nigh or arguments that there is a need to get ‘back to Schengen’, the research demonstrates that Schengen is alive and well and that border controls have, at least formally, complied with the legal framework. Nonetheless, better monitoring and democratic accountability are necessary.

European Commission: Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Publications Office, 2015.

The construction of the Schengen area began in 1985 when five countries signed the Schengen Agreement that set out the gradual abolition of checks at common borders. The agreement was supplemented by the 1990 Schengen Implementing Convention that set out the final abolition of internal border controls, as well as a series of necessary accompanying measures. The convention strengthened external border checks, defined procedures for issuing uniform visas, established the SIS, increased police cooperation at internal borders and improved action against drug trafficking.