European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (CNECT), 2024.

A study commissioned by the European Commission highlights the significant potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve public sector services across the EU. The report emphasizes that AI can enhance citizen-government interactions, boost analytical capabilities, and increase efficiency in key areas such as healthcare, mobility, e-Government, and education. These sectors are identified as among the most ready for large-scale AI deployment, with applications ranging from autonomous vehicles and smart traffic systems to AI-driven healthcare solutions and education technologies.

Shauchuk, P. and Izsak, K., European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.

The reports provide a comparative analysis and bring examples of relevant national and regional policy measures in the EU. This report focuses on analysing the consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics-based automation on industry and work, the related human-machine systems and human-computer interaction, and the need for policy to support a positive transition and mitigate the potential risks.

De Stefano, V. and Wouters, M., European Parliamentary Think Tank, 2022.

This study focuses on options for regulating the use of AI enabled and algorithmic management systems in the world of work under EU law. It describes how these technologies are already being deployed, particularly in recruitment, staff appraisal, task distribution and disciplinary procedures.

Spencer, D., Cole, M., Joyce, S., et al., European Parliament Think Tank, 2021.

This report addresses the nature, scope and possible effects of digital automation. It reviews relevant literature and situates modern debates on technological change in historical context. It also offers some policy options that, if implemented, would help to harness technology for positive economic and social ends.

Eurofound, Riso, S., Adăscăliței, D., et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

Automation and digitisation technologies, including artificial intelligence, are rapidly evolving and becoming increasingly powerful and pervasive. The full range of their effects in the workplace is yet to be seen. It is, however, important not only to explore the ethical implications of digital technologies and the effects of such technologies on working conditions as they emerge, but also to anticipate any unintended effects that raise new ethical challenges. Using a variety of research methods and building on previous research on the digital workplace, this report examines the many ramifications of digital technologies in the workplace, looking at the fundamental rights and ethical principles most at stake and the areas of working conditions most likely to be affected.

Riso, S., Adăscăliței, D., López Forés, L., et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

Digitisation and automation technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), can affect working conditions in a variety of ways and their use in the workplace raises a host of new ethical concerns. Recently, the policy debate surrounding these concerns has become more prominent and has increasingly focused on AI. This report maps relevant European and national policy and regulatory initiatives.

Cedefop, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

As the European Union navigates an era of rapid digital transfor-mation, the demand for digital skills has never been higher, and it will keep growing in the next decade. This policy brief sheds new light on the evolving landscape of digital skill requirements in the EU-27, using Cedefop analysis of online job advertisements. The evidence in this policy brief showcases the pivotal role of digital skills in economic development and global competitiveness. It also points towards the need to accelerate the implementation of digital policy and strategy. Upand reskilling the workforce, investing in the skills of teachers and trainers and modernising education and training systems will help ensure the digital revolution will benefit all citizens.

Salis Madinier, F., European Economic and Social Committee, 2021.

We have experienced the digital revolution with the presence of computers, the internet and smartphones, today it is necessary to understand and train in the universe and the uses of Artificial Intelligence (AI) because this evolution technology is everywhere, invisible, fast, diverse and disruptive for the economic models of companies and trades. The question is no longer to be for or against AI, the question is whether companies are capable of co-constructing with social partners strategies integrating AI as a factor of innovation for customers and a factor job enrichment for employees.

European Commission - Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Dixson-Declève, S., Dunlop, et al., Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

The reports provide a comparative analysis and bring examples of relevant national and regional policy measures in the EU. This report focuses on analysing the consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics-based automation on industry and work, the related human-machine systems and human-computer interaction, and the need for policy to support a positive transition and mitigate the potential risks.

Albanesi, S., Dias da Silva, A., Jimeno, J., et al., European Central Bank, 2023.

The article examines the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011- 2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill Biased Technological Change theory.